5. ECOLOGY MONITORING

5.1 Ardeid Night Roost Monitoring

5.1.1 Monitoring Requirement

With reference to the Pre-construction Ardeid Night Roost survey (January 2021) findings that identified two active ardeid night roosts within 100 m from the Project boundary (one approximately 40 m east of the Project boundary and the other one approximately 45 m northeast of the Project boundary), consequent monthly monitoring of these active ardeid night roosts was done in accordance to the EM&A Manual Sections 7.3.10 and 7.3.11; and EIA Report Section 8.12.1.3.

The survey was conducted with the following objectives:

· Check the status and location of any active ardeid night roosts within 100 m from the Project boundary with reference to EM&A Manual Section 7.3.10;

· Monitor the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures and detect any unpredicted indirect ecological impacts arising from the proposed Project as specified in EIA Report Section 8.12.1.3; and

· Recommend remedial actions, where appropriate, based on the impact monitoring results (EIA Report Section 8.12.1.3) for the implementation of the contractor as only necessary.

5.1.2 Monitoring Methodology

5.1.2.1 Monitoring Area

With reference from Section 7.3.10 of the approved EM&A Manual, the monitoring was conducted in areas within 100 m from the Project boundary. The monitoring area and vantage points for direct observation of any active night roosts are shown in Appendix O.

5.1.2.2 Monitoring Activity

5.1.2.2.1 Active Ardeid Night Roost

Current Survey focused on the two active night roosts within the Survey Area that were previously confirmed during the pre-construction Survey. These roosts include one that was approximately 40 m east of the Project boundary and another one around 45 m northeast of the mentioned boundary (Section 3 of the approved Pre-construction Survey Report of Ardeid Night Roost). Primary data collection with the use of 7x and 10x binoculars; and field guides including the Avifauna of Hong Kong (Carey et al., 2001) and The Birds of Hong Kong and South China (Viney et al., 2005), was from about one hour before sunset time until one hour after sunset with reference to Section 7.3.10 of the approved EM&A Manual. Sunset time was according to Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The survey was conducted on 09 July 2021.

Species composition, abundance and locations of night roosts were recorded. Species composition, abundance and location of pre-roosting aggregations (PRA) were also noted. PRAs are gatherings of avian individuals prior to flying into a night roost (Moore and Switzer, 1998). The time of return of the ardeids to the pre-roost and the final night roost were also recorded. Direct observations were made from vantage points adjacent the Project site with clear and unobstructed view of any active roosting location (s) within the Survey Area. However, aside from the established vantage points for the focused mangrove strips along Shan Pui River, observations were also conducted throughout the whole 100 m study site to cover other areas aside from the mangrove strips.

Observations such any changes in site condition or disturbances detected or observed at the monitoring locations, including both construction and non-construction related activities, during the monitoring activity was recorded with reference to Section 7.3.10 of the approved EM&A Manual. Additionally, other observations such as bird droppings on the ground which may possibly indicate presence of night roosts were noted in addition to noting of the roosting substrate (i.e. substrate species and approximate height). Any breeding activity usage of the roosting locations within the Survey Area was also noted.

5.1.2.2.2 Noise Monitoring

Monitoring Locations, Frequency, Time and Parameters

The noise monitoring locations were established at 22°28’4.25”N, 114°1’41.32”E; and 22°28’10.43”N, 114°1’42.17”E for NMS1 and NMS2 stations, respectively. Monitoring frequency was only once a month in concurrence with the construction phase monthly monitoring of the active night roosts for correlation. Monitoring time for both stations started around 18:50, the earliest final night roost period recorded during the survey, and lasted for 30 minutes. Table 5.1 presents the monitoring parameters.

Table 5.1 – Noise Monitoring Parameters (For Active Ardeid Night Roost Survey)

Parameter	Frequency and Period
LAeq (30 min) (L10 and L90 will be recorded for reference)	Monthly in concurrence with the construction phase monthly monitoring of the active night roosts

Parameter

Frequency and Period

LAeq (30 min)

(L10 and L90 will be recorded for reference)

Monthly in concurrence with the construction phase monthly monitoring of the active night roosts

The Action and Limit Levels for Active Ardeid Night Roost Survey have been set and are presented in Appendix C.

However, exceedances to the limit level were endeavoured to be prevented by the full implementation of mitigation measures (Section 4.2 of the approved Pre-construction Survey Report of Ardeid Night Roost and Sections 5.2.1-5.2.2 of this Report) during the construction phase.

Event and Action Plan

In instances of exceedance/s in the action and/or limit levels, the different measures as specified in Table 3.3 Event and Action Plan for Construction Noise of the approved EM&A Manual and likewise presented in Appendix H of this report shall be implemented as responses.

5.1.3 Monitoring Results

5.1.3.1 Active Ardeid Night Roost

The monitoring activity was conducted on 09 July 2021 and started around 18:11 (one hour before sunset) on a low tide condition. During the pre-roost period (PRP), the period when avian individuals (ind.) gather first before flying into a night roost, two individuals of Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus were observed in pre-roost aggregate (PRA) around 18:31 on the exposed mudflat northeast (ANR2) of the Project boundary. Additionally, individuals of Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus (3 ind.) and Little Egret Egretta garzetta (4 ind.) were also noted to exhibit PRA around 18:50 at the exposed mudflat east side (ANR1) of the Project boundary (Table 5.2). For the final night roost at around 19:04, Chinese Pond Heron (3 ind.) and Little Egret (2 ind.) were observed at ANR1 while no night roost was observed at ANR2. No disturbances (construction related and/or otherwise) to the active night roost areas were observed during the period. Bird droppings were observed within the vicinity of the roosting area located east of the Project boundary.

Date: 09 July 2021 Sunset Time: 19:11 Tidal Condition: Low Tide
Pre-roost Period	Final roost Period
Time of Return:	Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus (18:31); Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus and Little Egret Egretta garzetta (18:50)	Time of Return:	Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus (19:04); Little Egret Egretta garzetta (19:07)
Parameters	Location	Parameters	Location
ANR1	ANR2	ANR1	ANR2
Pre-roost Aggregation (Y/N):	Y	Y	Substrate Species:	Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris	Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris
Substrate Species:	Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris	Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris	Substrate Height (m):	Approx. 5 m.	Approx. 3-4 m.
Substrate Height (m):	Approx. 5 m.	Approx. 3-4 m.
Ardeid Species Composition	Abundance (individuals)	Ardeid Species Composition	Abundance (individuals)
ANR1	ANR2	ANR1	ANR2
Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus		2	Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus	3	-
Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus	3		Little Egret Egretta garzetta	2	-
Little Egret Egretta garzetta	4
Breeding Activity (Y/N):	ANR1	N
ANR2	N
Notes: Pre-roost Period: Period when avian individuals gather first before flying into a night roost ANR1: Active ardeid night roost area east of the Project boundary ANR2: Active ardeid night roost area northeast of the Project boundary *: individuals aggregated on the exposed mudflat contiguous to their final mangrove roosting substrate -: not recorded

5.1.3.2 Noise Monitoring

Noise monitoring activities were conducted on 09 July 2021 in concurrence with the construction phase monthly monitoring of the pre-identified active night roosts. Noise monitoring started at 19:04 and lasted for 30 minutes, until 19:34.

Current survey results showed noise levels (L_Aeq (30 min.)) at both monitoring stations to be well below the action and limit levels as presented in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 – Noise Monitoring Results

Frequency and Period	Location	Start Time	L_Aeq (30 min.)	Action Level	Limit Level
Monthly in concurrence with the construction phase monthly monitoring of the active night roosts	NMS1	19:04	49.4	65.5dB(A)¹	72.2 dB(A)²
	NMS2	19:04	48.8	65.5dB(A)¹	72.2 dB(A)²
Notes: NMS1= Noise monitoring station 1 located east of the Project boundary NMS2= Noise monitoring station 2 located northeast of the Project boundary 1= Behavioural response of some kind more likely to occur (Wright et al. 2010) 2= Flight with abandonment of the site becomes the most likely outcome of the disturbance (Wright et al. 2010)

5.1.4 Detection of Any Unpredicted Indirect Ecological Impacts Arising from the Project

No unpredicted indirect ecological impacts that arose from the project was noted during the current monitoring period.

5.1.5 Summary

5.1.5.1 Status and Location of Any Active Ardeid Night Roost

One active ardeid night roost site (ANR1) was observed within the Survey Area during the July 2021 monitoring period. This roost was located at the mangrove strip in the east portion of the Project boundary. This was used by individuals of Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret. The other night roost site (ANR2) was not used during the period.

5.1.5.2 Noise Monitoring Results

Both noise levels at each of the monitoring stations were below the action and limit levels.

5.2 Ecological Monitoring of Birds

5.2.1 Monitoring Requirement

With reference to Section 7.3.6 of the EM&A Manual, monthly ecological monitoring of birds, focusing on avifauna species of conservation interest, and overwintering waterbirds utilising wetland habitats in Fung Lok Wai and Nam Sang Wai as well as along Shan Pui River and Kam Tin River within the monitoring area (500 m from the Project Boundary) in addition to monitoring on the utilization of wetland habitats by birds also within the same monitoring area as required by Section 7.3.1 of the EM&A Manual.

5.2.2 Monitoring Methodology

5.2.2.1 Monitoring Area

The monitoring area include wetland habitats in Fung Lok Wai and Nam Sang Wai as well as along Shan Pui River and Kam Tin River within 500m from the Project boundary with reference to Section 7.3.6 of the EM&A Manual. The location of point count sites and transect routes is shown in Appendix P.

5.2.2.2 Monitoring Activity

Avifauna survey on the different wetland habitats using the transect count and point count methods was conducted on 09 July 2021 (night time survey) which started around 19:11; and on 13 July 2021 (day time survey) around 07:30. The survey overlooking the mudflats and mangroves in the Shan Pui River was concurrently conducted on 13 July 2021 during the low tide (generally 1.5m or below) period which also started around 07:30. The methodology for the monitoring activity followed Sections 8.3.3.6 and 8.3.3.7 of the EIA Report (AEIAR-220/2019) and as detailed below.

For the transect count and point count methods, the presence and relative abundance of avifauna species at various wetland habitats were recorded visually and aurally.

Avifauna species were detected either by direct sighting or by their call and identified to species level. Any notable behaviours such as feeding, roosting and breeding were also recorded. Bird species encountered outside the point count locations and walk transects were also recorded. A comprehensive list of species recorded from the Assessment Area was prepared, with wetland-dependence, conservation and/or protection status indicated. Ornithological nomenclature in this report follows Carey et al. (2001), Viney et al. (2005) and the most recent updated list from Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (HKBWS).

Noise levels were recorded with the methodology and equipment as mentioned in Section 3.4 and Section 3.2, respectively, of this EM&A report. The parameter as shown in was recorded at each of the point count locations.

Table 5.4 - Noise Monitoring Parameters

Parameter	Frequency and Location
LAeq (30 min) (L10 and L90 will be recorded for reference)	Monthly in concurrence with the monthly ecological bird monitoring at the different point count locations

Parameter

Frequency and Location

LAeq (30 min)

(L10 and L90 will be recorded for reference)

Monthly in concurrence with the monthly ecological bird monitoring at the different point count locations

In addition to recording of noise levels, any changes in site condition or disturbances detected or observed at the monitoring locations, including both construction and non-construction related activities with reference to Section 7.3.7 of the EM&A Manual were also noted.

5.2.2.3 Data Analysis

For the bird communities, the monitoring results were compared to pre-construction baseline condition during the dry and wet seasons as summarized in the Baseline Bird Survey Report with reference to Section 7.3.8 of the EM&A Manual. However, to further account the seasonality, monitoring results of the current month was compared to the results of the corresponding month of the baseline data.

The data for point count method and transect walk method were presented separately to account for the difference in the survey effort of the two methods. For each method, abundance and species composition of the avifauna communities during the monitoring month were summarized.

To check the presence of variation in bird abundance between baseline and impact monitoring, t-test was applied (α = 0.05). Moreover, to check the presence of variation in bird species diversity, the two-sided Hutcheson t-test was also used. The two-sided Hutcheson t-test was developed as a method to compare the diversity of two community samples using the Shannon diversity index (Hutcheson 1970). Shannon diversity index will be computed using the formula,

where, H’ = Shannon Diversity Index; P_i = proportion of the population of species; i; number of species in sample; ln = natural logarithm. Shannon diversity index is used as it accounts the proportion (relative abundance) of each species; thus, it gives a better description of diversity than a plain number of species (species richness).

The Action and Limit Levels for ecological monitoring of birds have been set and are presented in Appendix C.

Wetland habitat utilization during the construction phase monitoring shall only be compared seasonally, hence the comparison shall only be done after all the data (dry season and wet season) were collected with reference to Appendix 8.5 of the approved EIA Report.

5.2.3 Monitoring Results

Results of the avifauna survey on the different habitats within the monitoring area using the transect count and point count methods as conducted last 09 July 2021 (night time survey) which started around 19:11; and on 13 July 2021 (day time survey) are presented in Sections 5.2.3.1 and 5.2.3.2 while results for the surveys overlooking the mudflats and mangroves in the Shan Pui River, with monitoring activities conducted on 13 July 2021 during the low tide (generally 1.5m or below) period which also started around 07:30 had results presented in Section 5.2.3.3.

5.2.3.1 Abundance

5.2.3.1.1 All Avifauna Species

A total 190 avifauna ind. was recorded in the monitoring area during the July 2021 monitoring period, of which 142 ind. were recorded from the point count method and 48 ind. from the transect walk method. Relative to the July 2017 baseline data, no significant decrease (p-value = 0.94; α = 0.05) in total abundance was observed. In June 2017, a total of 201 ind. was recorded, of which 165 ind. were from point count method and 36 ind. from transect walk method. These findings are summarized in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 – Abundance of all Avifauna Species

Abundance of all Avifauna Species
Point Count Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
P1	FLW1	0	23	+
P2	FLW2	4	8	+
P3	FLW3	0	5	+
P4	FLW4	10	5	-
P5	FLW5	21	11	-
P6	FLW6	6	8	+
P7	FLW7	10	12	+
P9	SP/NSW3	42	25	-
P10	SP/NSW2	23	8	-
P11	NSW1	43	18	-
P12	SP/NSW1	6	19	+
Total		165	142	-
Mean		15	13	-

Transect Walk Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
Fung Lok Wai	FLW	35	26	-
Nam Sang Wai	NSW	1	15	+
YLIE-CW	YLIE-CW	0	7	+
Total		36	48	+
Mean		12	16	+

5.2.3.1.2 Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance

Of the 190 avifauna individuals recorded in the monitoring area during the July 2021 monitoring period, 76 ind. were of conservation importance. A total of 52 ind. was recorded from point count method and 24 ind. were from transect walk method. With reference to July 2017 data (80 ind. from point count method and 8 ind. from transect walk method), a current decrease in abundance from the point count method was noted. However, this decrease was not significant (p-value = 0.95; α =0.05). These findings are summarized in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6 – Abundance of Species of Conservation Importance

Abundance of Species of Conservation Importance
Point Count Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
P1	FLW1	0	16	+
P2	FLW2	2	1	-
P3	FLW3	0	0	=
P4	FLW4	2	2	=
P5	FLW5	3	1	-
P6	FLW6	3	7	+
P7	FLW7	4	6	+
P9	SP/NSW3	35	7	-
P10	SP/NSW2	15	1	-
P11	NSW1	10	1	-
P12	SP/NSW1	6	10	+
Total		80	52	-
Mean		7	5	-

Transect Walk Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
Fung Lok Wai	FLW	8	15	+
Nam Sang Wai	NSW	0	3	+
YLIE-CW	YLIE-CW	0	6	+
Total		8	24	+
Mean		3	8	+

5.2.3.2 Diversity (Species Richness[1] and Shannon Diversity Index[2])

5.2.3.2.1 All Avifauna Species

A total of 30 avifauna species (species richness) was recorded during the July 2021 monitoring period, of which 27 species were identified using point count method and also 14 species using transect walk method. Relative to the July 2017 baseline data, a decrease in the total species richness from 31 species in July 2017 to 30 species in the current monitoring period was noted. However, in terms of Shannon diversity index (H’), increases from baseline reference values were observed in point count method (from H’=2.73 in July 2017 to H’=2.75 in July 2021) and transect walk method (from H’=0.93 in July 2017 to H’=2.13 in July 2021). The increase in H’ noted for the transect walk method was significant (t-value = 4.08; t-crit = 1.99; p-value = 0.0001; α = 0.05). Details of these findings are summarized in Table 5.7 and are further discussed in Appendix F.1.2.

Table 5.7 – Shannon Diversity Index Value of all Avifauna Species

Shannon Diversity Index Value of all Avifauna Species
Point Count Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
P1	FLW1	**	1.03	+
P2	FLW2	0.35	1.91	+
P3	FLW3	**	1.05	+
P4	FLW4	1.56	0.67	-
P5	FLW5	1.82	1.67	-
P6	FLW6	1.79	0.97	-
P7	FLW7	1.7	1.42	-
P9	SP/NSW3	1.5	1.86	+
P10	SP/NSW2	1.9	1.21	-
P11	NSW1	1.98	2.11	+
P12	SP/NSW1	0.87	1.94	+
Overall H’		2.73	2.75	+
Species Richness		26	27	+

Transect Walk Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
Fung Lok Wai	FLW	2.54	1.46	-
Nam Sang Wai	NSW	0	1.86	+
YLIE-CW	YLIE-CW	**	1.28	+
Overall H’		0.93	2.13	+
Species Richness		18	14	-
Note: ** no species recorded

5.2.3.2.2 Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance

Of the 30 species of avifauna identified during the July 2021 monitoring period, five species of conservation importance were identified from the point count method and four species from the transect walk method. Relative to the baseline values in July 2017, the number of species with conservation importance recorded from the point count method remained the same while an increase by one species from the transect walk method was noted. In terms of H’, a significant decline (t-value = 3.46; t-crit = 1.99; p-value =0.0009; α = 0.05) was observed from the point count method, from H’ = 1.36 in July 2017 to H’=0.85 of the current period. However, the significant decline was observed to be due to other factors and not project-related. i.e. dominance of Chinese Pond Heron. On the other hand, no significant decline (t-value = 0.60; t-crit = 2.09; p-value = 0.5543; α = 0.05) in transect walk method was noted during this period. Details of these findings are summarized in Table 5.8 and are further discussed in Appendix F.1.2.

Table 5.8 – Shannon Diversity Index Value of Species with Conservation Importance

Shannon Diversity Index Value of Species with Conservation Importance
Point Count Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
P1	FLW1	**	0	+
P2	FLW2	0	0	=
P3	FLW3	**	**	=
P4	FLW4	0	0	=
P5	FLW5	0.64	0	-
P6	FLW6	1.1	0.68	-
P7	FLW7	1.04	0.45	-
P9	SP/NSW3	1	0.36	-
P10	SP/NSW2	0.99	0	-
P11	NSW1	1.37	0	-
P12	SP/NSW1	0.87	0.80	-
Overall H’		1.36	0.85	-
Species Richness		5	5	=

Transect Walk Method
EIA Report ID	EM&A Manual ID	Jul-17	Jul-21	Remarks
Fung Lok Wai	FLW	0.90	0.24	-
Nam Sang Wai	NSW	**	0	+
YLIE-CW	YLIE-CW	**	1.01	+
Overall H’		0.90	0.71	-
Species Richness		3	4	+
Note: ** no species recorded

5.2.3.3 Wetland Habitat Utilization

Avifauna communities were observed during the current monitoring period in the different wetland habitats, i.e. modified watercourse, ponds and mangrove.

With reference to Section 7.3.1 of the EM&A Manual, the utilization of the wetland habitats by birds within the monitoring area was recorded and monitored.

5.2.3.3.1 All Avifauna Species

During the current monitoring period, all of the wetland habitats were less utilized by avifauna communities as evident with the very low (VL) abundances in these areas. With regards to species richness, generally very low (VL) number of species was noted in the different wetland habitats except in the Upper course of Shan Pui River along YLIE, Active Ponds North to Nullah 2 in Fung Lok Wai; and Active and Inactive Ponds in Nam Sang Wai (L-M, low to moderate) (Table 5.9).

Table 5.9 – Wetland habitat utilization of all avifauna species

Wetland Habitats	Area Description	Abundance¹	Species Richness²
Modified Watercourse	Confluence of Shan Pui River and Kam Tin River	VL	VL-L
	Shan Pui River adjacent to Project site	VL	VL
	Upper course of Shan Pui River along YLIE	VL	L-M
Ponds	Active Ponds adjacent to Project site in Fung Lok Wai	VL	L
	Active Ponds North to Nullah 2 in Fung Lok Wai	VL	L-M
	Inactive Ponds in Fung Lok Wai	VL	VL
	Active and Inactive Ponds in Nam Sang Wai	VL	L-M
Mangrove	Mangrove within Assessment Area	VL	VL
Reedbed	Reedbed in Nam Sang Wai	VL	VL
Notes: 1. Abundance of avifauna species of conservation importance amongst wetland habitats within the assessment area: VL = Very Low (~<50 individuals); L = Low (~100 individuals); M = Moderate (~300 individuals); H = High (~500 individuals), VH = Very High (>700 individuals) 2. Species richness (total number of species) amongst wetland habitats within the assessment area: VL = Very Low (≤5 species); L = Low (~10 species); M = Moderate (~15 species); H = High (~20 species), VH = Very High (>25 species) Source: approved EIA Report (AEIAR-220/2019)

5.2.3.3.2 Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance

All of the wetland habitats were noted with very low abundances (VL) of species with conservation importance during the current monitoring period which then indicated subsequent very low utilization of these areas. In terms of species richness, all of the wetland habitats were also utilized by very low number (VL) of species (Table 5.10).

Table 5.10 – Wetland habitat utilization of avifauna species of conservation importance

Wetland Habitats	Area Description	Abundance¹	Species Richness²
Modified Watercourse	Confluence of Shan Pui River and Kam Tin River	VL	VL
	Shan Pui River adjacent to Project site	VL	VL
	Upper course of Shan Pui River along YLIE	VL	VL
Ponds	Active Ponds adjacent to Project site in Fung Lok Wai	VL	VL
	Active Ponds North to Nullah 2 in Fung Lok Wai	VL	VL
	Inactive Ponds in Fung Lok Wai	VL	VL
	Active and Inactive Ponds in Nam Sang Wai	VL	VL
Mangrove	Mangrove within Assessment Area	VL	VL
Reedbed	Reedbed in Nam Sang Wai	VL	VL
Notes: 1. Abundance of avifauna species of conservation importance amongst wetland habitats within the assessment area: VL = Very Low (~<50 individuals); L = Low (~100 individuals); M = Moderate (~300 individuals); H = High (~500 individuals), VH = Very High (>700 individuals) 2. Species richness (total number of species) of conservation important species amongst wetland habitats within the assessment area: VL = Very Low (≤5 species); L = Low (~10 species); M = Moderate (~15 species); H = High (~20 species), VH = Very High (>25 species) Source: approved EIA Report (AEIAR-220/2019)

5.2.3.3.3 Overwintering Avifauna Species

Several species with winter visitor and passage migrant (5 spp.) status; and winter visitor with resident (2 spp.) status were observed during this monitoring period. However, as the current monitoring period covered the summer season, it was likely that these individuals were just either passage migrants or residents. Hence, no overwintering species that utilized the different wetland habitats was recorded during the period.

5.2.3.4 Noise Levels

Noise levels L_Aeq (30 min) recorded on 09 July 2021 (night time) and 13 July 2021 (daytime) from each of the point count locations during the ecological bird monitoring are shown in Table 5.11.

6.

[2] use to account the proportion (in terms of relative abundance) of each species